Exfoliating

Ingredients with the function of exfoliation help the skin to get rid of dead skin cells from the surface faster. Due to this, it can become smoother, softer and visually even, as well as reflect light better. According to the FDA, alpha hydroxy acids cause exfoliation of the upper layer of the skin, and the severity of the effect depends on the type of acid, its concentration, pH, and the composition of the formula as a whole. Such components are often introduced into products to improve skin texture, cleanse pores and reduce the feeling of roughness. (fda.gov)

Most often, this function is performed by acids. Typical examples are glycolic acid and lactic acid related to AHA: The FDA notes that they are widely used in cosmetics to even out the texture and overall improve skin condition. Another common example is salicylic acid, which belongs to BHA; it also works as an exfoliant and is known for its ability to help cleanse pores, which is why it is especially in demand in products for oily and problematic skin. The American Academy of Dermatology also points out that salicylic acid helps to free up pores and exfoliate the skin. (fda.gov)

In a cosmetic formula, such substances primarily affect the condition of the skin, rather than the texture of the product itself, although they can indirectly make the care feel "more active". It is important to use them wisely: if they are too active, burning, irritation, peeling and hypersensitivity to the sun may occur. The FDA warns separately that products with AHA can increase the skin's sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, so daytime sun protection is especially important during use. (fda.gov)