Abrasive

Ingredients with the abrasive function work as mechanical exfoliating particles: they help to remove a layer of keratinized cells from the skin surface, make the relief smoother and visually refresh the complexion. In cleansers and scrubs, such components enhance the feeling of "polishing", and in formulas for the oral cavity they can help to more effectively remove plaque from the surface of teeth. In the CosIng database, this function is described as the ability to mechanically grind a surface, which determines its main application in cosmetics. (ec.europa.eu )

Most often, such substances are added to face and body scrubs, cleansing pastes, and some special care products. They have almost no effect on hair as a care asset, but they can change the texture of the product itself, making it grainy, dense or polishing to the touch. Typical examples are Silica and Hydrated Silica: forms of amorphous silica are widely used as soft abrasive and polishing particles in cosmetics and oral hygiene products. According to CIR, cosmetics use amorphous forms of silica, whereas crystalline silica is not considered a cosmetic ingredient. (cir-safety.org)

The effect of such components depends on the size, shape and number of particles: the larger and tougher they are, the more noticeable the mechanical exfoliation, but the higher the risk of irritation for sensitive, damaged or inflamed skin. Therefore, it is better to use products with this function for their intended purpose and without excessive pressure. The FDA emphasizes that cosmetics should be safe for normal and intended use, which means that the correct formula and method of use are especially important here. (fda.gov)